Charles Dickens Hard Times - 1494 Words

May 1, 2015 Mr. Johnson Literature Dickens Calls for Desperate Measures in Hard Times â€Å"I want to change the world.† How many times is that line heard from small children, aspiring to be someone who achieves their maximum potential? If a child is asked how they might go about doing so they might respond with an answer that involves a superhero or princess who helps people for the greater good. As one grows and adapts to their surrounding society, the art of seeing the big picture including its flaws is often lost. This is because there is no hope of changing new philosophies or ideas that have taken over the world, even if they’re wrong. There was a man, however, who never lost the instinctual calling to change the world when it needed changing. Using his own weapon of a pen, Charles Dickens wrote the fictional novel Hard Times to warn people of the world they were living in and inspire them to change it. Through the novel, Hard Times, Charles Dickens reflects the many matters that are in need of managing in his present society. He illustrates the movement of the societal dystopia through the interaction of morally lost characters and their demanding surroundings. He addresses many controversial issues, but the most prevalent are the flaws in the class system, utilitarianism and the detrimental effects of industrialization. Set in the grim Victorian industrial city of Coketown, this societal branch of northern England falls under the influences of theShow MoreRelatedCharles Dickens Hard Times Essay1746 Words   |  7 PagesClass systems sadly are an institutional part of society since biblical times and are still prominent in all cultures today. In British society, class systems are still as prevalent as they were in the 19th century, there are seven social classes, ranging from the elite at the top to the extreme poor at the bottom. Typically, in English society social class was always defined by occupation, wealth, and education with an addition of social and cultu ral classes. Social classes is a prevalent aspectRead MoreCharles Dickens Hard Times Essay1717 Words   |  7 Pagesbecame a common occurrence as society developed and moved forward towards the twentieth century. This holds true in the novel Hard Times, written by Charles Dickens in the Nineteenth century, examines the British class system through examples of social relationships and the labor force. (4) Class systems throughout British society are visible in each book of Hard Times. In book one: Sowing, the first distinctions of class discrepancy are evident in the relationship between the schoolmasters andRead MoreCharles Dickens Hard Times971 Words   |  4 PagesIn Hard Times, Dickens presents life philosophies of three men that directly contradict each other. James Harthouse sees one’s actions in life as meaningless since life is so short. Mr. Gradgrind emphasizes the importance of fact and discourages fantasy since life is exactly as it was designed to be. Mr. Slearly exhibits that â€Å"all work and no play† will make very dull people out of all of us. He also proclaims that one should never look back on one’s life and regret past actions. Dickens is certainlyRead MoreHard Times By Charles Dickens1502 Words   |  7 Pagesnovel, Hard Times by Charles Dickens, concentrates on the Gradgrind family; of Mr. Thomas Gradgrind, his daughter Louisa, and son Tho mas Jr. A major theme of friendship is portrayed in the books through the character of Mr. Gradgrind as he struggles with the idea of friendship between other characters. According to the Nicomachean Ethics, by Aristotle, it explains a detailed account of friendship and what it is to be a friend to others. In comparing the character Mr. Gradgrind in Hard Times, to theRead MoreHard Times and Charles Dickens1845 Words   |  8 PagesThe novel Hard Times by Charles Dickens is a fictitious glimpse into the lives of various classes of English people that live in a town named Coketown during the Industrial Revolution. The general culture of Coketown is one of utilitarianism. The school there is run by a man ready to weigh and measure any parcel of human nature . This man, known as Thomas Gradgrind, is responsible for the extermination of anything fanciful and integration of everything pertinent and factual into the young, pliableRead MoreCharles Dickens Hard Times For These Times1074 Words   |  5 Pageselse, only to constantly find yourself memorizing empty facts over and over again? In Hard Times for these Times, Charles Dickens embodies the consequences of an absolutely factual world: blindness, imbalance, and nonfulfillment. Through the convoluted stories of the opposite worlds, Sissy’s journey to becoming a jewel of balance, Louisa’s tragic fight for fulfillment, and the harmonious character Sleary, Dickens defines the urgency for the proportional combination of fact and fancy. Gradgrind’sRead MoreIndustrialization in Hard Times by Charles Dickens1626 Words   |  7 PagesThe industrial revolution was an era of mechanization. During this era, in 1854, Charles Dickens (1812-1870) wrote Hard Times to comment upon the change within society and its effect on its people. Dickens points out the flaws and limitations of this new society in his eloquent and passionate plea on behalf of the working poor (Charles Dickens Hard Times, 2000). The novel shows presents to readers the authors perspective of life during the nineteenth century and makes comments on the central themeRead More Charles Dickens Hard Times Essay1102 Words   |  5 PagesCharles Dickens Hard Times There are a huge variety of characters in Hard Times, ranging from the good to the unnaturally cruel. The novel is full of extremity in its characterisation; cruel, bitter and selfish characters such as Mrs. Sparsit contrast dramatically with characters such as Stephen Blackpool and Rachael, who are benevolent and altruistic. Among the cruellest and most villainous characters in the novel is James Harthouse, who is completely ammoral, and therefore renderedRead MoreAnalysis: Hard Times by Charles Dickens1807 Words   |  7 PagesHard Times as a Social Commentary with Parallels in the Modern Era The novel Hard Times by Charles Dickens is clearly an incitement of the economic and social burden associated with economic and social disparity. The work is set in a small fictional mill town, Coketown, where the challenges of the newly emerging industrial revolution were fundamentally being set at the footsteps of the poor, who had little if any opportunity for upward mobility. During this period the alternatives for those withRead MoreEssay on Charles Dickens Hard Times2066 Words   |  9 PagesCharles Dickens Hard Times The book Hard Times was written in 1854. It was written in weekly instalments in a magazine called Household Words. This is like a normal soap but was weekly. The magazine was owned by Charles Dickens as he was a journalist. The book was written at the time of the Industrial Revolution. This was when factories were being built near major towns and cities such as Manchester, Liverpool and Birmingham. The Industrial Revolution was a time when there were big

Leadership Stances Transformational And Servant Leadership

LEADING THROUGH CRISIS It has been said time and time again that â€Å"everyone is either going into, coming out of, or in the midst of a crisis.† There are certain crises that can be expected, while there are those that come as a surprise. Times of crisis demand that one step up to lead. Those who desire to be ready to step up to the plate during such a time will benefit by being prepared for crises, as well as maximizing any and all resources available to them (Echols, 132). What can leaders do to be better prepared to face a crisis when it comes, and they will come? Before the discussion continues one must understand that there are two leadership stances: transformational and servant leadership. Steve Echols notes, â€Å"The ultimate purpose of servant leadership is not only to serve but also to see transformation† (134). When one operates from both of these stances, â€Å"transformational leadership results in service, while servant leadership results in transformation† (135). Thes e stances provide the foundation from which a leader utilizes competencies, of which there are seven: spiritual, assuring, visionary, decisive, emphatic, empowering, and creative. The context of the leader will determine what competency will be employed. According to Echols, â€Å"Stylistic competency a leader employs should emerge from intimate knowledge of the followers as well as insight about the prevailing situation (133). This paper will provide a strategy that will apply several concepts formShow MoreRelatedDifferent Leadership Styles1729 Words   |  7 PagesLeadership styles 1. Introduction Todays leaders are complex professionals, with multiple skill sets, who aim to integrate all of the organizational resources in an efficient manner in which the company becomes able to attain its pre-established objectives. Nowadays, a clear distinction is made between the leader and the manager within an institution, in the meaning that the manager is a more practical individual, focused on practical aspects, such as resource allocation, deadlines, costs andRead MoreAuthentic Leadership : Leadership Theory And The Work Of Bass And Steildmeier1259 Words   |  6 PagesAuthentic Leadership Similar to servant leadership, authentic leadership has developed from questionable business practices and general societal fear and uncertainty in times of peril (Northouse, 2016). One of the newer areas of leadership, authentic leadership has risen from the search for honest, trustworthy, and positive leadership approaches (Northouse, 2016; Nyberg Sveniningsson, 2014). According to Northouse (2016), the concept of authentic leadership originates from transformational leadershipRead MoreReflection Of Leadership Reflection1741 Words   |  7 PagesPersonalized Leadership Reflection â€Å"It is unequivocally clear that leaders are not like other people† (Kirkpatrick and Locke, 1991, as cited in Northouse, P. G., 2016, p.22). I have always thought that I was not like other people; I see the world through a different lens. This difference, which sets me apart from my peers, has sometimes restrained my progress; however, after studying my differences and seeing them as strengths, I can now focus on these strengths that make me a unique, passionateRead MoreLeadership Is A Complex Phenomenon Involving The Leader, Followers, And The Situation2291 Words   |  10 PagesIntroduction Hughes et al. (2012) states that leadership is a complex phenomenon involving the leader, followers, and the situation. Leaders need power to influence others and the ability to empower others, however, in this study, women in leadership roles will be the main highlight and how women have taken on leadership roles in the 21st century. The leader being discussed in this research project is the President of Liberia Mrs. Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf, a 21st Century female leader who has provedRead MorePope Francis As A Leader Of The Catholic Church2193 Words   |  9 Pages Pope Francis is the leader of the Catholic Church and exemplifies many different styles of leadership. Through his authenticity, openness, and ability to lead a society, Pope Francis is seen as a strong public leader not only within the Catholic Church, but within society as a whole. Since being named head of the Catholic Church, Pope Francis has earned a positive reputation among his followers. He has become known as The People’s Pope and has made it very clear that he does not want to be aRead MoreWhat Makes A Good Leadership? Essay1903 Words   |  8 Pagesjuncture. In fact, this election cycle, more so than any other, has reminded us of the fundamental importance of sound leadership, as well as the dangers that may result when proper leadership is found lacking. Despite the sobering reminder, a sense of intense ambiguity persists, as many Americans headed to the polls are truly grappling with the question, what constitutes good leadership? While this inquiry may at fir st appear trivial, it comes at a pivotal moment as the nation undergoes what I considerRead MoreMy Leadership Style Aligns Closely With Servant Leadership940 Words   |  4 PagesMy leadership style aligns closely to servant leadership. I lead with others in mind. I value everyone’s contributions and regularly seek out opinions. Cultivating a culture of trust is incredibly important to me. A culture of trust creates a harmonious environment where each person can be appreciated for their contribution and can feel a sense of personal accomplishment. I do not mind people making mistakes but I prefer them to learn from their mistakes. I seek to unite all parties in a controversyRead MoreMahatma Gandhis Leadership Styles1655 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION Leadership is about casting a vision and allowing it to seep into others so that they follow the lead. Mahatma Gandhi is a world renowned leader who was a politician, a writer, an intellectual and a gifted orator. I find it incredible that as a young boy, Gandhi did not display any leadership qualities. He was a below average student (lack-luster) and very shy. His remarkable metamorphosis from a dull boy to a brilliant leader attests to the fact that good leaders are made. He has inspiredRead MoreCase Study : Electric Motor Production8814 Words   |  36 Pagesa very competitive global environment. Keeping leadership at the family level will not push GadgetCo into the mix of global competition. GadgetCo will need to use leadership theories, concepts, and principles to change their organizational culture to compete on a global scale. Five of those principles discussed are models of organizational culture, Borisoff and Victor Five Part Conflict Management Model, transformational lead ership, servant leadership, and mentoring. Models of Organizational CultureRead MoreWhy Leadership Now4047 Words   |  17 PagesChapter 1 - leadership why now? 1. Leadership Transition: Due to the leadership challenges there is a widespread call not just for leadership, but a new kind of leadership. A transformational leadership. For half a century leadership studies have focused on leadership as an exchange process, a transactional relationship which promises rewards to followers in exchange for performance. This type of leadership has to give way to a higher order of change to - leading edge leadership. Bernard Bass

Strategic Management within National Australia Bank

Question: Discuss about the Strategic Management within National Australia Bank. Answer: Introduction National Australia Bank is the fourth- biggest financial institution regarding customers and market capitalization in Australia. It is ranked 21st biggest bank around the world regarding market capitalization and 41st biggest bank around the world when measured regarding total assets. It has 1590 service centers and branches and 4412 ATMs in New Zealand, Australia, and Asia and is serving 12.8 million customers. It was formed in 1982 by the merger of two companies National Bank of Australia and the Commercial Banking Co. of Sydney (Bakir, 2005). The bank is mainly committed to providing quality services and products, advice, guidance, relationships and fair fees and charges. It has the goal to provide sustainable and satisfactory returns to its stakeholders. It grew itself in the 20th century by merging with various banks in Australia and around the world. It has major holdings in UK, New Zealand, Australia, Ireland and The USA. These acquisitions were done to diversify the risk and the income of the bank. However, National Australia Bank had to face a very difficult period from the year 2000-2005. In this report, we have discussed the cultural and leadership style followed by the bank and the growth and development of the bank around the period. Various management strategies used by the bank over a period are also discussed in this report. Corporate strategies used for the growth and development of NAB While developing the strategies NAB takes into consideration all the rewards and risks which includes the customer and market segment in which it operates, the external and the internal environment and the degree and sources of differentiation receives from competitors. Its main objective is to deliver to its customers superior returns. To achieve the goals that are set by NAB, it focuses on the prioritization of the customers segment. It is the strategy of NAB to focus on small, medium and micro business customers. National Australia Bank has been using CRM (customer relationship management) strategy for 10 Years which resulted in the expansion and growth of its customer segment. It has recognized CRM strategy as its core value, then after that, they acquired technologies related to CRM (Abbott, Stone and Buttle, 2001). The NAB has acquired various technologies to develop its vision and has developed the infrastructure so as to achieve its vision. One of the key technologies used in NAB is the relationship Optimizer from NCR which acts as a communication gatekeeper and manages the content, frequency and the method used for customer interactions. The various strategies used by NAB for its global business are: For the growth and better performance of the NAB relationship management strategy were used and financial services provided was such that it wins customer interface. It quickens the growth of the global business so as to give the competitive advantage of the NABs efficiency, capability, and service. Developed areas which are good for the growth of financial services. Manage the other business of the bank for value. Develop diversified income methods. As NAB is a global service organization it has improved its IT infrastructure so that it can enhance its services. It had built a WAN environment through which it can connect to the 1200 branches which are around Australia. NAB understands the opportunities and challenges that the external environment and the digital transformation causes and understands that success could be achieved by providing the greater experience to its customers. This could be achieved by making the banking experience of the customers easier and by deepening the relationship with the customers (Ahmed, 2010). Business practices followed by National Australia Bank In the year 2004, NAB incurred huge losses because of unauthorized trading in foreign currency. The procedure and management policies followed by the Bank to manage the risk proved ineffective. In the year 2004, a report came out that NAB has terminated or suspended 31 of its financial advisors or planners (Barat and Spillan, 2012). They were terminated due to reasons like inappropriate advice, conflicts of interest, inappropriate practices or repeated compliance breaches of the code of conducts. The financial advisors of NAB have forged the signatures of the clients, incidents of file reconstructions have taken place, and poor advice was given to the clients which lead to compensation pay-out. The advisors had made attempts to manipulate the files of the clients and forged their signatures to cover up their poor compliance. This behavior was not detected by the internal control system of the bank, but it came into light due to the complaint of the clients or by the query of the regu lators. The strategy used by NAB of Growth by overseas expansion was a huge failure and this strategy came to an end after the demerger of CYBG. Due to the failure of the overseas expansion strategy, NAB was under huge pressure to sell some of its assets. The second business strategy that faced criticism was in the method of raising funds. NAB raised funds through private placements which mean selling shares to small investors or individual by making them available the shares at a lower price than its market value (Howe, 2001). The criticism that NAB had to face due to this method is that firstly it sells the shares at a lower price than its market value and secondly in the situation of global financial crises it leads investors to demand more compensation for taking the securities with high risks. The image of NAB has suffered huge losses due to its scandal in financial advice, disputed fees, insider trading and rate fixing allegations. The threats and opportunities faced by National Australia Bank SWOT is a technique which is used to find the weaknesses and strength of the organization and the threats and opportunities that the organization faces. This technique was used by managers widely to know the companys strategic situation. Due to the strategies and business policies followed by NAB various opportunities were made available to National Australia Bank. The good amount of opportunities and revenue increase is created because of its acquisition of The Western Bank in the US. Expanding its business in China has also increased its market share and revenue. Positive outlook towards asset management also creates ample amount of opportunities for National Australia Bank. The strength of National Australia Bank is its geographic and product diversification. Because of its diversification, it becomes a leading financial player (Vit, 2006). Spread in management yield increased its revenue and interest income. Its good financial performance helped in contributing towards group prof itability. However, the slowdown in the domestic and global economy affected the financing facilities and the business volume of National Australia Bank. The profitability of Australia is also widely affected due to the competition in the financial system of Australia. Because of this declining revenue, the growth activities of the NAB also get widely affected. They made the available investment in finances so that the customers can manage their finances themselves. They used the concept of Fair value which has four keys to it: providing quality services and products. They entered into a partnership with the company called rediATM and opened a large number of ATM which helped customers to have access to fee-free banking services. They provided information on the interest rate which helped customers to understand the mortgage. A business can run successfully only if it keeps pace with the changing market conditions and for this innovative business, practice is important. NAB understa nds the importance of innovation, and they build the fairer business model which increased the transparency (Deng and Liu, 2014). The approach of NAB towards corporate responsibility helps it to make a sustainable and positive impact in the life of people, customers, environment and the communities in which it operates. It helps to create the value of shares for the stakeholders. It focuses on the rights and the development of its people and the customers. It delivers the programs which support the society both financially and socially. They have developed a strategy of corporate responsibility which sets the policies, objectives, strategies and procedures for the organization and helps in reporting and measuring the progress of the organization. It had been an internal communication system to ensure that the corporate responsibility is understood by the leader, board and all the people concern about it. Organizational Culture and Leadership Style followed in NAB Culture and organization cannot be separated from each others, and they are one and the same. With the help of strong culture, the vision and strategies framed by the organization can be executed successfully. Among the many variables that exist in the organization culture is a very important variable and it impacts the functions of the organization. The two culture scale that is used widely is weak/strong and inefficient/efficient. The cultural scale which is based on strength evaluates and measures the power that culture has on the employees. The cultural scale which is on efficiency measures the culture of the entities fulfillment of strategy and goals (Dellaportas, Cooper and Braica, 2007). If the culture present in the organization is efficient than its becomes easy for the organization to achieve its goals. NAB has various human resources policies and programs for the development of its employees. It has people framework policy which helps the employees to know about where thei r career is going and where it should go, Self-initiated program, talent management program and development and performance plans. The three perspective of culture is integration perspective, fragmentation perspective, and differentiation perspective. The integration perspective acts as glue which holds the organization together. The top management is considered the most influential and they form the values of the organization, which helps in influencing the behaviors of the employees whereas differentiation perspective is just the opposite and it is the lack of cultural manifestation among the members of the organization. The basic assumption of differentiation perceptive is that different organization has different cultures. According to fragmentation perspective, the culture is neither clearly inconsistent nor clearly consistent. Mismanaging the organizational culture can have a very harmful effect on the culture of a particular organization. The organization was more inclined to wards profits and they sacrificed the ethical behavior to earn more profits. Profit is King phase was used which means earning short- term profit was more important than long term goals due to which unethical behaviour was carried on (Jain And Bennett, 2006). The NAB leaders tried to manage the balance between profits and risks. It is very important to build genuine relationships with the customers, and this can be done by understanding their needs and requirements. As a part of NABs leadership style, it trains its employees and develops management process which helps in preparing high potential and high- performance employees. It makes available the career development opportunities for its employees. The behavior and the standards of responsibility that we expect from people are developed by the codes of conduct followed by the organization. All the employees, directors, and the people concern should follow the codes of conduct as framed by the organization for the development of t he organization and the employees (Mihaela, 2014). Conclusion National Australia Bank was committed to providing fairer banking services to its customers and worked towards building a relationship of trust with the customers. It abolished the range of fees and helped the customers who faced financial hardship by helping them to manage their finances. The duties of directors need to be reformulated so that they consider environmental and social responsibility an important aspect towards the growth and development of the organization. The reporting requirements need to be reformulated in the system of corporate governance so that the burden of proof is shifted to the persons who caused harm to the organization. The process of regulation, governance and supervision are not to be seen as measures which restrain entrepreneurship and innovation, but it acts as an instrument that helps in restoring the trust of the clients and ensuring that the activities of the bank are conducted fairly, openly and sustainably. As there is a high competition that Nat ional Australia Bank has to face therefore, it should improve its management and service deliverance to remain in the competition. References Abbott, J., Stone, M. and Buttle, F. (2001). Integrating customer data into customer relationship management strategy: An empirical study.Journal of Database Marketing Customer Strategy Management, 8(4), pp.289-300. Ahmed, A. (2010). Customer Relationship Management through Communication Strategy.International Journal of Customer Relationship Marketing and Management, 1(3), pp.15-26. Bakir, C. (2005). The Exoteric Politics of Bank Mergers in Australia.Australian Journal of Politics and History, 51(2), pp.235-256. Barat, S. and Spillan, J. (2012). An Exploratory Study of Customer Satisfaction in a Community Bank.International Journal of Customer Relationship Marketing and Management, 3(3), pp.15-32. Beck, T., Demirguc-Kunt, A. and Martinez Peria, M. (2008). Banking Services for Everyone? Barriers to Bank Access and Use around the World.The World Bank Economic Review, 22(3), pp.397-430. Busaidi, K. (2013). Aligning customer knowledge management tools with business strategy.IJECRM, 7(2), p.117. Dellaportas, S., Cooper, B. and Braica, P. (2007). Leadership, Culture and Employee Deceit: the case of the National Australia Bank.Corporate Governance: An International Review, 15(6), pp.1442-1452. Deng, X. and Liu, L. (2014). The Bank Lending Channel: Evidence from Australia.AABFJ, 8(2), pp.71-87. Howe, M. (2001). National prostate tumour bank launched in Australia.The Lancet Oncology, 2(11), p.656. Jain, S. And Bennett, C. (2006). Bank Industry Risk Analysis: Australia.Economic Papers: A journal of applied economics and policy, 25(S1), pp.88-102. Judson, R. and Klee, E. (2011). Big bank, small bank: Monetary policy implementation and banks reserve management strategies.Journal of Economics and Business, 63(4), pp.306-328. Kaal, W. and Painter, R. (2011). The Aftermath of Morrison v. National Australia Bank and Elliott Associates v. Porsche.European Company and Financial Law Review, 8(1). Mihaela, H. (2014). A synergistic approach of cross-cultural management and leadership style.JOIS, 7(2), pp.106-115. Stevens, T. (2013). Cyberspace and National Security: Threats, Opportunities, and Power in a Virtual World.Contemporary Security Policy, 34(1), pp.254-256. Vit, G. (2006). Organizational conformity and contrarianism: regular irregular trading at National Australia Bank.Corporate Governance: The international journal of business in society, 6(2), pp.203-214. Wu, S. (2008). Bank Mergers And Acquisitions An Evaluation Of The Four Pillars Policy In Australia.Australian Economic Papers, 47(2), pp.141-155.

How Are Training and Development Effective to Organizational Performance” free essay sample

How are training and development effective to Organizational performance† Abstract: The purpose of the research is to find out how training and development effect organizational performance and to find out what is the impact of training and development in organization. Data is collected from the 100 members of different organizations. And the previous researches carried out on training and development. Training and development is important for the employees in organization, it helps the employees to improve their skills and to give a good performance in workplace. There is a big relation between training and development with the organization performance and the relationship is discussed in the paper. Introduction: The development is basically the process used to advance an employee to the desired level of performance (Holton, 1996) . Training development is process in which skills, behaviors and attitudes are altered in an employee (Laker, 1990) this shows that training includes the polishing of previous skills whereas development is a process of advancing an employee skills to a next level. It is important that top management supports training and provides an environment that is conductive to continued learning and growth and learning should be on on-going basis (Tannenbaum, 1997). Thus training and development should be a continuing process which in long term is beneficial to both the employee as well as organizational output. Training of employees is important for Organizational productivity as well as success. Organizations strongly desire to promote values such as trust creativity, Quality e. t. in their employees and for that proper training and development is necessary (Hassan, 2007). Work force development and transfer of training are important concerns of any organization (Brewer, Lim ,Cross 2008). It is important that the training program should be specific and relevant because its success depends upon the characteristics of the training program itself (Taylor, 1992). Hr practices such as employee selection, appraisal, training and development, compensation are the key point in the performance of an organization (Hassan, 2007). Most of the rganizations have a rigid, wel-defined structure and are not prepared for rapid changes in the environment (Nadim and singh, 2008). Yaghi, Goodman, Holton, Bates (2008) Strongly emphasize on learning and learning transfer ,not only by supervisors but also by other employees and workers. The basic purpose of the paper is to see the result of training and development of employees and managers working in industrial sector and see how it improves their skills, inner capabilities and to sharpen their existent talent and finally working for the betterment of organization . As an employee has a great role in influencing the work outcomes of an organization (Subramony 2009). There is a great effect of training and development to organizational performance. Training and development department helps the employs in boosting up their skills. Dysvik and kuvaas, (2008) prove a positive relationship between perceived training opportunities and task performance. Actually every person is talented, training and development helps in the sharpening their talents skills and making them work in a way that they is helpful for the organization and to enhance their performance at workplace. As a learning process results in innovation and organizations can adapt to changes in a better way (Kontoghiorghes, Awbrey ,Feurig 2005). so, training and development of employees is necessary for organizations to survive and cope up with upcoming challenges. Literature review: Independent variable=Training and development Dependent variable=Organizational performance Variables: The objective of my research is study that how training and development is effective to organizational performance. Independent variables: The dependent variable is the organizational performance which depends on the training and development of an employee. Training should be given and designed or conducted in a way that it is helpful for the trainee and even it is according to the trainee expectations and need (Hutchins ,2009). Training is considered as a critical function of maintaining and development of working capabilities in employees(Valle ,Martin ,Romero ,Dolan 2000). The right training is the one in which the trainee learns ad gets the skills and knowledge that is right to his job. (Cromwell and Kolb, 2004). Two types of training is given to the employees one is internal and other is external, internal training is given by the company it self and external training is given by the outsiders or agencies. Chen, Holton, Bates (2005) lay stress on motivation of employees and persuading them to enhance their skills by training transfer process . Many of the public sector workplaces also face a serious problem of training and development (Yadipadithaya, 2001). Trainings are assessed by taking training tests in which the test declares the trainee knowledge , attributes , skills learned during the training of the job . Tan, Hall, Boyce 2003). High level of learning and training orientations makes the employee more interested and more motivated in learning at workplace (Hartenstein 2001). Organizations continue to look for training for achieving their goals and for achieving for high goals and performance (Krieger, Mclinden, and Casper 2004). Organizational training is a method used to achieve max imum profit and to achieve maximum productivity (tan, hall, Boyce 2003). Organization learning and organization training is the key for the organization success (Egan, yang, Bartlett 2004). Organization learning and training not only contribute on the performance of the organization but also reduce the cost, its helps in reducing turnover rates and helps to train the existent employee to perform well for the organization (Egan, Yang, Bartlett, 2004). A trained employee will always try to put his extra knowledge in the job and always will try to improve the performance of the organization (Burke and Baldwin, 1999). Many organizations spend million of money for the training session in a year so that they achieve the maximum performance and outcome (Krishnaveni and Sripirabaa, 2008). Organization should use training program for the satisfaction of employees (Krishnaveni and Sripirabaa 2008). facilitating trainer training programs will enhance the trainer job performance in organization (Lim 1999). Supervising the trainee and the trainer design will help the trainee to promote the organizational objectives (Lim 1999). well-trained employees do a more efficient and effective jobs and training would decrease the chances of mistakes. (Saibang and Schwindt 1998). While training an employee it should be noted that training should be according to the behavior and interests of the employees . The lack of diversity training especially with respect to trainee characteristics is increasingly a serious problem (Roberson ,Kulik ,Pepper 2001). one thing should be kept in mind while training an employee that the expectations from the employee should be realistic ( Drake, Mackler, Stephens 2002) Training also strengthens the commitment of the employees to the organization which helps in the organization objective. (Eaglen, Lashley, Thomas 2000 ). The cross culture training is done in organizations to make the cross cultural assignment successful , which helps in the organizations performance . Bennet , Aston ,Colquhoun 2000) Organizational performance (dependent variable): Strategies on the implementation of training and development are the core for the business success (Wilkins 2001). The more the organization emphasizes on the organizations performance, the more it emphasizes on the training of the employees (Eaglen, Lashley, Thomas 2000) . The benefit of trained employee is th at they promote the performance of the organization (Glance, Hogg and Huberman 1997). If the manager decides to train his members then the productivity of the organization will increase (Glance, Hogg and Huberman 1997). ncreasing the training and skills of the employees will also enhance the effective of the organization (Collins , Holton 2004). In organizational performance, there is a big role of learning and training of employees. (Hutchins, 2009). The human resource development can provide professional staff development that can enhance the organizational performance in a positive way (Holmes 1998). There is likely to be a positive return on diversity training process on the organizations (Weithoff ,2004) H1: training and development has a positive relationship with organizational performance.

Sense And Sensibility Essays - Sense And Sensibility,

Sense and Sensibility Sense and Sensibility In Jane Austen's Sense and Sensibility the title is a metaphor for the two main characters. Marianne who represents Sensibility, and Elinor who represents Sense. We find out early on that Elinor does not share her feelings. When Edward comes into the story there is an immediate attraction. Elinor tells no one of her feelings. It is just assumed that they are meant for each other. When Edward has to leave Elinor does not say anything. Edward does promise he will come down to there cottage and deliver an atlas for Margaret. When the atlas comes and not Edward, the only one who ends up crying is Margaret and not Elinor. We do learn however that Elinor can get emotional. While Marianne was playing the piano after they had moved to the cottage, Elinor starts to cry as she listens. She said the song was her late fathers favorite. Later on in the story when Elinor and Marianne are in London, Marianne continually gets on to Elinor for not sharing her feelings. Elinor finally shows her emotions when she tells Marianne she did have a broken heart, after she found out Edward had a fianc. When Elinor did find out about Lucy Steele she did not even tell lucy of her feelings to try to break them up. That is what I would have done. Elinor would definitely represent sense. She keeps things to herself. I think because she thinks if she does she will not end up getting hurt to bad, like Marianne ends up doing. Marianne on the other hand is Sensibility. She follows her heart. She does not let anything come in her way of showing her emotions. When she first meet Colonel Brandon, you could tell the Colonel was in love at first sight. Marianne showed very easily that she was not interested. However, when Marianne meets Willoughby it was like a hero rescuing his princess. They fall in love with each other. Marianne does not hide her emotions to anyone about Willoughby. However in the society that they were in Willoughby did not think he could marry Marianne because of the society class. In the end this almost kills Marianne. As Marianne realizes that the Colonel has always been there she falls in love with him. The story ends with Elinor marring Edward, and Marianne marring The Colonel. I do not think there is anything wrong with there personalities. Some people hide there feelings, and so make it easy to know how they feel. I do not fault either character for there personality, both are unique.

Only the second part of the assignment needs to be done which is the final individual share portfolio review. The company is Tesco. The WritePass Journal

Only the second part of the assignment needs to be done which is the final individual share portfolio review. The company is Tesco. Introduction Only the second part of the assignment needs to be done which is the final individual share portfolio review. The company is Tesco. Christmas trading. Furthermore, the above could dampen CAPEX plans for the coming years. Rise of Discounters As mentioned, the recent Kantar Worlpanel (2014) report cemented the rise of Aldi and Lidl; however recent reports from Tesco have attempted to downplay the threat, with little success. The CEO referred to them as ‘niche’ players, (Tesco, 2013). However, these players control 45% of the affluent German market and are market leaders in several other large countries. We would not compare the effectiveness and the threat posed by Aldi in 2014 with that posed by Kwik Safe (disappeared) in the 1990s. It is not an informative chart in our view. CAPEX remains strong CAPEX guidance was cut to a maximum of  £2.5bn per annum, in line with market expectations. Tesco plans to cut new space additions in the UK to 700,000 sq ft in 2014/15 from 1.4mn in 2013/14. CAPEX is shifting from new space to maintenance. Having invested  £400mn in the UK Refresh programme in 2013/14, the company plans to invest  £500mn per annum in each of the next three years. This is close to  £2bn in total to complete the programme. The priority for next year is re-modelling the Extra format where the sales performance is the weakest, (Tesco, 2013). Online growth Mixed A lot of focus, as expected, has been put on the increasing movement online. With Morrison’s considering and online platform, while Waitrose moves in with more products and free delivery. Tesco announced it will reduce the fee it charges for home delivery and click collect. While it is good that the company aims to be competitive, excessive cuts in the delivery charge would reduce margins and also incentivise the customer to order smaller quantities more frequently, making the economics a lot less attractive. The delivery charge is a tool used to distribute demand among the different time slots and days of the week. Tesco unveiled  £127Million of trading profit from online grocery ( £2.5bn sales), (Tesco, 2013), suggesting a 5% margin. According to the company, all direct costs are fully charged, that is the cost of the pickers and the delivery, (Tesco, 2013). This would not include things such as store depreciation, store energy costs, rates etc. Given this, on estimated 25Million annual orders of  £100 each, the delivery fee ( £4-5 per order) would account for the great majority of profit. If this delivery fee is substantially cut, so will the profit obtained. Share Performance Graph – Share Price Performance of Selected Companies – 6-Month. Data obtained from Bloomberg (2014) [Online]. Focusing on share performance (Graph 1), over the previous 6-months, Tesco Plc is down by 18.3%, however performance is still between than W.M. Morrison and J Sainsbury, whose shares have fell by 24.2% and 19.9% respectively. Given this; the grocery sector has been a weak performer on the market, given that the FTSE 100 has risen by 2% over the same period. Weakness in the sector was seen on the 12th March (circled), after the market release from Kantar Worldpanel (2014). According to Kantar Worldpanel (2014), Tescos market share dropped to 28.7% in the 12 weeks ended March 2. That compares to 29.6% a year ago and is the lowest level since late 2004. Adding to the company’s woes, Tescos sales were down 0.6 percent in the three-month period. The main issue for investors was the movement of these sales to discounters Aldi and Lidl, plus upmarket grocer Waitrose. Morrison’s also loosened further to a share of 11.1% from 11.8% a year earlier, while ASDA, a subsidiary of Wal-Mart Stores eased to 17.5%, a 0.3 point fall Y-O-Y. Sainsbury’s was the only grocer among Britains ‘big four’ to hold on to its market share in the period, reaming at 17%, (Kantar Worldpanel, 2014). The report noted that the big-four where competing more for a shrinking ‘middle-ground’ as consumers move to either discounters or upmarket retailers – over the past 3-years, Waitrose, Aldi and Lidl have taken a combined 3.5 points from competition, equating to  £4.4Billion in sales per year, (Kantar Worldpanel, 2014). Taking an international look, while Wal-Mart did record a small drop on the 12th March, over the 6-month period its shares are up 3%, given its exposure to the U.S economy, which has been performing strongly, supported by consumer spending. Summary While the recovery in the UK economy will present opportunities for Tesco Plc, given its exposure to consumer spending through an extensive product offering, major headwinds remain as the continued expansion of discounters pose a real threat, contrary to the thoughts of Tesco management. Furthermore the price-wars between major retailers commence once again for the shrinking middle-ground of the market, margins are expected to be hit. This has the potential to derail Tesco’s expansion plans, which will impact on future performance given aggressive competition. References BBC Business (2014) [Online]: Morrison’s restructuring sparks fears of new price war, UK, BBC News. Bloomberg (2014) [Online]: Share Price Data, Available at bloomberg.com/markets/, Accessed 27/03/2014. Financial Times (2014) [Online]: Tesco Plc, Available at http://markets.ft.com/research/Markets/Tearsheets/Summary?s=TSCO:LSE, Accessed 27/03/2014. Fitch Rating (2014): Morrison’s price cuts to pressure Tesco; margins at risk, UK, Fitch Ratings Agency. Kantar Worldpanel (2014): Unprecedented change in grocery retailing, UK, Kantar Worldpanel. Tesco (2013): Annual Review 2013, UK, Tesco Plc.

Problem solving questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Problem solving questions - Essay Example It includes also an incorporated limited partnership. Once a partnership is formed, every partner becomes the agent of the firm and other partners in relation to the business of the firm. Thus, every act of partner for the purpose of business except in the case of incorporated limited partnership shall bind the firm and other partners provided the partner acts within his authority to act for the firm in specific cases and the person whom the partner is dealing with believes him to be the partner having authority. In other words, if the person dealt with by the partner knows that the partner has no authority, his acts cannot bind the firm nor other partners. The same holds good in respect of a general partner vis-a-vis the firm and other general partners. Section 13 (1) of the Act lays down that all partners except in the case of an incorporated limited partnership are liable jointly and severally for the liabilities of the firm that have risen whilst being partners. S 13 (2) if the p artner who is an individual dies, his/her estate is severally liable for the liabilities of the firm after satisfaction of his/her separate debts. Same holds good in case of incorporated limited partnership for a deceased general partner. The general partner of an incorporated limited partnership is liable only in respect of unsatisfied liabilities of the firm or more as per the partnership agreement. ... As the partnership business is in common, the partners should disclose material facts that affect their partnership failing which it would amount to misrepresentation on the part of those who fail to do so. Further, a retiring partner can by a condition of restraint of trade be prohibited to start a competing business within the locality for a pre-determined period. Further, a partnership contract cannot be assigned (Gilles, 1988). Application In view of the above important provisions governing partnership business, Jody whose capital will be at stake must have the partnership agreement reduced to writing. And Jody must be entitled to a proportionately higher share of profit and reserve to herself the right to take important decisions in day to day management. This does not mean the other partners are not liable to loss that may occur due to Jody’s decision making. Conclusion Jody can enter into partnership with Mike and Sarah keeping in view of the limited capital or no capit al Mike and Sara may bring in and also have an agreement in restraint of trade on the retiring partners including Jody herself. Consequences The proposal to enter into partnership agreement among Jody, Mike and Sarah will be viable subject to the above conditions therein. 2. Tort- negligent misstatement Issues: Whether Amy can sue Betty for her wrong advice tendered to Amy as a result of negligent misstatement? Law and cases: In order to prove negligence on the part of defendant, claimant should satisfy three conditions. That defendant had a duty of care to the claimant; this was breached by the defendant; that the damage caused by the breach of duty was

Music-Culture Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Music-Culture Questions - Essay Example Music has been a part of human civilization since the earliest times of human existence. The evolution of music over the centuries has made it an almost integral part of human life to the extent that music stars become heroes of a country and are immortalized in memory, stamps, or statues and by their very own work. From the classical producers of music like Beethoven and Bach, the rock stars of the 60s to the boy band fever of the 90s, music has been an essential aspect of art and culture for our society. With regard to my own experience, I find it very difficult to estimate how many hours per day I listen to music especially if I include the songs running in the background while I work on my computer or when I am sitting in a lab. However, on a conservative estimate I would guess that I listen to at least 2 hours of music on a daily basis. Often, I will leave the music playing while the TV is on and mute the TV while I work on my computer with the music playing in the background.

Anotatted Bibliography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Anotatted Bibliography - Essay Example The author comes up with a mode of describing the child; â€Å"Description. The criterion is however based on the child’s figuration. This is as regards oppositional theories of the subject matter. It is an emphasis brought about by the argument that there will always be theories produced in such an increasingly changing world using the context of Australia. In his argument, the author categorically takes a look at the history of childhood. He says this can only be studied through historical conception, that is, through inclusion of such sources as the Philippines Aries. The article uses a quantitative research methodology using results made on based on the insights of demographic historians. The author stresses on the fact that the youth is a constitution not of instinctive acquisition, but rather purposefully processed. This involves social constructs from childhood all the way to adulthood. Youth culture is examined on a historical perspective through the use of a sociological research approach. In this context, a close look and examination of the youth culture is achieved. Castaneda, C. (2002) The Child in Theory: post-structuralism, feminism, and psychoanalysis. In University of Sydney Library (ed), Figurations: child, bodies, worlds, Duke University Press, Durham, Chapter 5,

Archaeology And Patterns Of Trade Iron Age Europe History Essay

Archaeology And Patterns Of Trade Iron Age Europe History Essay In the Iron Age most European communities would have been linked together to some degree and this can be seen as a continuation of contact established during the Bronze Age (Piggott 1965: 174). Peaceful trade between these communities, for goods that were either a basic necessity or possibly just desirable, would happen for a number of reasons, none of them mutually exclusive, such as exploitation, cross-cultural interchange or mutually beneficial exchange (Woolf 1993: 211). When considering what archaeology can tell us about this trade, according to Collis (1984: 15),there is a common assumption that it divides into the three spatial patterns of long distance, inter-regional and local trade However, this differentiation may only be a modern construct that would not have been recognised by Iron Age communities (Wells 2008: 356-8). This essay will use some of the material culture available from burials, hoards and settlements to examine each pattern in turn looking at the objects trad ed, how trade was organised, why and who was involved in an attempt to assess whether or not the archaeological evidence supports this largely economic model. Before any assessment can be undertaken it is important to define the terms Trade and Iron Age as they are used in this essay. Trade is used here to describe any transaction intended to acquire goods not available in the local environment, which are either required for basic physical needs or are desirable, through purchase, barter or exchange for other goods (Wells 2008: 357). The process of goods or gift exchange was also in operation at this time and this term is used to describe the distribution of goods as a social interaction between communities aimed at increasing wealth, prestige or status (Wells 2008: 356-7). From the available evidence it is not always possible to tell the difference between these two systems and in fact Iron Age communities may not have differentiated so the two interactions can be interpreted as forming a continuum with traded goods being passed out from centres of trade to the rural periphery via exchange (Wells 2008: 358). The Iron Age was widespread across Central Europe by the 7th century BC and lasted until the Roman conquest in the 1st century BC. Traditionally It is divided into two phases, the Early Iron Age from 750-450BC, which is also termed Hallstatt after the type site in Austria, and the Late Iron Age from 450-50BC also known as La Tene from the type site in Switzerland (Darvill 2008: 215). This essay will use Early or Late Iron Age when referring to time periods, Hallstatt or La Tene when referring to artefact styles. Long distance trade is the easiest to detect in the archaeological record through the identification of foreign or exotic goods (Collis 1984: 15-16). In the Early Iron Age trade was stimulated by the metal using state societies of the Mediterranean , principally Greece and Etruria , as they sought sources of the basic raw materials like tin, copper, iron and salt to fuel their growing economies (Collis 1984: 15). Apart from Baltic amber and Mediterranean coral Europe had a plentiful supply of these basic raw materials locally available so the main import was in manufactured goods like the Attic pottery, Greek amphorae and Etruscan bronze vessels found at the Vix grave on Mont Lassois in France and the Heuneburg in Germany. These demonstrate trade as opposed to a social bond but are also indicative of links between the elites of Western Europe and the Mediterranean for the supply of feasting equipment and wine (Wells 1995: 231). The presence of elaborate graves with rich assemblages o f local products found in context with imported objects such as those found at Durrnberg in Austria which contained glass vessels from Italy, sword handles from Africa and vessels from Slovenia or grave 6 at Hohmichele on the Heuneburg , which contained silk textile from the far east, are indicative of long distance trade in prestige or luxury goods rather than social interaction (Wells 2008: 363). Colonies, such as Marseille founded by the Phocaeans in 600BC, were established by the Mediterranean societies to open up new trading markets (Milisauskas 1978: 270) as can be evidenced by the trade in wine and luxury items up the Rhone valley to central Europe (Greene 1990: 116), although not all Mediterranean drinking gear found in central Europe came via this route. Items such as the beaker flagons found in the Vix grave may have come via alpine routes from the Etruscan controlled Po valley (Cunliffe 1999: 62). Correspondingly the Early Iron Age saw the rise of European towns like the Heuneburg and Mont Lassois, with large populations and high levels of production and trade, which acted as core centres in local areas importing foodstuffs and raw materials from rural periphery for inter-regional exchange and distributing finished goods locally (Wells 1980: 46-47). In the Late Iron Age these towns were replaced by oppida like Manching in Bavaria and Bibracte in France which fulfille d a similar role. These oppida were also used as ports of trade and may have been established to attract and increase trade rather than to restrict or control it (Woolf 1993: 211). Following the foundation of the colonies feasting and drinking artefacts from Greek and Etruscan workshops appear in graves of the European aristocracy indicating the presence of well established trading links between central Europe and the Mediterranean (Cunliffe 2010: 462). It could therefore be assumed that that this elite aristocracy were in control of trade however there is evidence at the Heuneburg and Narbo for the presence of a merchant class who bring wine and other Mediterranean goods to the native markets and exchange them for raw materials, slaves and, as their population grew, foodstuffs (Nash 1984: 92-94). This trend continues into the Late Iron Age, when following a hiatus after Greece turns eastwards for trade in the 5th Century BC, contact with the Mediterranean is renewed in 2nd century BC, and there is evidence from Magdalensberg near Salzburg for trade being in the hands of Italian merchants with no evidence for native traders (Collis 2002: 31). Not all long distance trade was in luxury or prestige goods. The potential for interchange of rituals, ideas, technologies or even specialists should not be ignored nor should the smaller, domestic or lifestyle products like brooches and pins. It may be that the European elite in the towns and oppida acted as a core for the redistribution of these commodities in their local area or inter-regionally as the distribution of artefacts made from a variety of raw materials and involving the use of many technologies can be taken as indicating a defined social hierarchy within a settled society (Phillips 1980: 266). Inter-regional trade, or rather at this level exchange, can be described as the movement of goods between communities that share cultural similarities (Collis 1984: 15-16). For example, in the Late Iron Age objects found in graves from France, Austria and Bohemia and ornamented in the La Tene style would seem to indicate a social link between regional elites who express their cultural similarity and identity through material culture (Wells 2008: 363). The objects exchanged may be similar in form to those produced in the local environment and this exchange is traditionally seen as a social rather than economic event. To this end there is no merchant class involved in the transaction as it is based on family and kin relationships (Collis 1984: 15-16). Occurring more in the Early rather than the Late Iron Age it is characterized by gift exchange between the powerful members of peer societies possibly representing not only trade but also tribute, ransom, dowry payments or even wedding gi fts (Wells 1995: 239). This may also represent the practice of reciprocity whereby goods were given as a social interaction between elite members of society, not in the expectation of immediate exchange, but rather as a long term investment whereby reciprocation was made by the provision of services, labour, goods or even trading treaties (Nash 1984: 93-4). Stretching Europe slightly to include south-west Britain will allow the trade between Alet in France and Hengistbury Head to be used as a case study. The discovery of an iron anchor and chain dating from the 1st century BC at Bulbury in Dorset can be interpreted as providing evidence for maritime trade between continental Europe and Britain (Cunliffe 2010: 480). Hengistbury Head was a designated port of trade used by the local elite to control the flow of goods both into and out of Britain whilst utilizing the foreign trade relationship to increase their advantage over their regional periphery (Nash 1984: 93). Goods such as iron from the Hengistbury area, non-ferrous metals from the Mendips and Kimmeridge shale were exchanged with Alet, via a short haul sea crossing to the Channel Islands and thence to the port of Reginca, for Mediterranean pottery, prestige finished goods and wine (Languet 1984: 73). This is evidenced by the presence of Dressel 1A amphorae, glass and fine ware potte ry from Northern Italy at Hengistbury Head and changes in the local manufacture of ceramics, bronze and iron artefacts that are indicative of inter-regional exchange of ideas and technologies (Cunliffe 1984: 8). Although this short range, cross-channel contact was probably based on a recurring requirement between the respective core communities it could also be interpreted as a core-periphery pattern of trade whereby Continental Europe is the core supplying finished goods and south-west Britain is the periphery providing raw materials in exchange (Nash 1984: 92). There is evidence from the vast amounts of Armorican pottery at Hengistbury Head that the Armoricans themselves may have lived there, at least for part of the year, and acted as continental agents liaising with the local communities for the exchange of goods (Cunliffe 2010: 479). The hoard from Llyn Fawr in Wales could provide evidence of this interaction as it contains Hallstatt C type artefacts ,such as iron swords and br onze discs for harness ornamentation, that are similar to types found in Belgium and southern Germany and could have been shipped via Alet to Hengistbury Head before being exchanged locally (Cunliffe 2010: 456). Thus a case can be made for regarding Hengistbury Head as the core for its immediate environment with the local rural communities as the periphery. Local trade is probably the least studied of all the patterns of trade as there is a traditional assumption that the mechanisms used are already well understood (Collis 1984: 15). The interaction between local communities was possibly based on reciprocity with the exchange of finished goods for services, labour or raw materials. The oppida of the late Iron Age, like Manching and Bibracte, and the towns of the Early Iron Age, like Mont Lassois and the Heuneburg, were not just trading centres but were also manufacturing and production sites creating their own finished goods which is evidenced by graves containing bronze objects, pottery and glass beads that reflect local patterns of trade. These manufactured goods may have formed part of a core-periphery trade with smaller local communities for food and forestry products (Wells 1995: 236). Increases in rural production, which created a local self sufficiency and provided a greater surplus for trade, engendered the conditions that allow ed for a large scale social organisation with elaborate hierarchies. The emergent elite in these hierarchies were able to engage in local trade for a wide range of goods which could also be used to foster a regular contact with other regional elites for exchange of commodities, technologies and ideas (James and Rigby 1997: 76-7). Although they are classified as elites it is possible that individuals acted as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"centresà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ for trade and the rich burials in which we find lavish prestige and luxury goods, such as the Etruscan beaked flagons found in the middle Rhine area of Europe and dated to the Late Iron Age (Cunliffe 1999: 63), indicate wealth but maybe not elite status (Collis 1984: 16). After all not all trade was in luxury or prestige goods and the presence of non-elite objects like decorative pins and brooches, such as the bronze fibulae found in the female grave at Vix (Wells 2008: 364), in a local area can be taken as representative of local trade o r exchange networks. These socio-economic systems also saw elite leaders give gifts of lesser value to those lower down the hierarchy in order to retain status and power (Cunliffe 2999: 61). The spread of items like the long slashing Grundelingen swords can be explained by simple local exchange mechanisms providing examples that are then copied (Cunliffe 2010: 449) and at Alb-Salem in WÃÆ' ¼rttemberg there have been found ceramics of a particular size and decoration distributed across an area that could be walked in a day (Wells 2008: 361). In the late Iron Age coin evidence appears to indicate that specialist workers, who mass produce goods and administer their own commercial aspects of trade, replace control by elites, initially in their local area but eventually along the whole commodity supply chain (Wells 1995: 240-1). This is further evidenced by the appearance of mass produced Roman wares in graves where they replace unique foreign imports and is paralleled by a diminution in the role played by elites and social networks as they are superseded by professional merchants in a globalised economic market (Wells 1995: 240-2). The available archaeological evidence is open to ambiguous interpretation however this essay has argued that it would seem to support the spatial model of long distance, inter-regional and local patterns of trade even though this is a modern economic construct. These patterns should not be seen as being mutually exclusive but rather as strands in a complex system of exchange mechanisms that reflect social interaction between communities, that have a symbolic as well as an economic dimension whilst moving commodities, as well as ideas and technologies, bi-directionally around Europe and the Mediterranean (Renfrew 1993: 214). It should also be borne in mind that intangibles such as slaves, foodstuffs, hides and hunting dogs will leave no trace in the archaeological record even though they were subject to the same trade and exchange systems (Cunliffe 1984: 4). However, without the benefit of written sources to enhance our understanding, what the evidence cannot prove is how the Iron Age communities themselves regarded trade. It is a possibility that they did not differentiate by region or distance but instead regarded all trade as local and based on simple exchange systems no matter what the commodity or how far it had travelled (Wells 2008: 358). As the Iron Age came to a close, with low value coinage being adopted and Rome becoming predominant in Europe and the Mediterranean, there was a move to a globalised, impersonal, commodity market that removed the need for a differentiation in trading patterns. The emergence of standardised weights, measures and prices rendered redundant the requirement for barter and exchange systems with a professional Italian merchant class controlling trade and replacing local elites who were subsumed into the Roman provincial government process (Collis 2002: 30).

Extent to which the child is the central image in Macbeth Essay

William Shakespeare’s Macbeth is filled with many vivid and recurring images. Such imagery permeates the text and provides strong striking images which, when performed on stage, stay firmly in the audiences’ minds. Many critics have proposed arguments expressing their opinion on what constitutes the central image in Macbeth. On reading the text, or perhaps watching the play, some of the images are more prominent than others. Images such as blood and darkness seem to hold most significance to the plot and to the themes. However, it is only with detailed reading that the image of the child is recognised as being profoundly significant. On first reading, the image of the child may not even be considered, but through meticulous study, this image may become more prominent and prove to be the pivot on which Macbeth’s character swings, it also provides the dynamic which drives the plot forward. Blood is perhaps one of the most striking and gruesome recurring image in the play. Blood has both symbolic and literal meaning in Macbeth, therefore it is widely recognised as one of the major motifs throughout the play. The blood that is shed in Macbeth is a reminder of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth’s guilt, and it acts as a metaphorical stain on the Macbeth’s consciences. These recurring bloody images play a particularly important role in scenes such as Act 2 Scene 2, when Macbeth returns from the scene of the crime carrying bloody daggers, and with his hands drenched in the King Duncan’s blood. Lady Macbeth too has blood stained hands after she goes back to replace the daggers which her husband has brought back to their chamber. Blood also plays a key role in Act 5 scene 1 when guilt consumes Lady Macbeth’s mind and during her sleepwalking,... ...ace from day to day To the last syllable of recorded time, And all our yesterdays have lighted fools The way to dusty death.† (5:5 18-22) The image of ‘dusty death’, contrasts with the earlier images of fertility which abounded in the early scenes of the text: â€Å"I have begun to plant thee and will labour To make thee full of growing.† (1:4: 28-29) Macbeth’s proto-lineal ambition dies towards the end of the play. He comes to the conclusion that because he has failed in his ambition to found a dynasty, life is pointless. Macbeth sees no reason to live and the feeling of utter hopelessness overwhelms him. Lady Macbeth’s demise signifies that Macbeth’s dynastic dream is dead. He now realises the futility of his crimes, his â€Å"war on children† [7], has been wholly in vain. â€Å"For the babe signifies the future which Macbeth would control and cannot control.† [8]

Running Head: Discussion Board Essay

1. What are some ways the Christian gospel is perceived in our culture? The Christian gospel is perceived in our culture as â€Å"confusion† or that Christians consider themselves to be greater than people of other religions. The one that bothers me is that Christians are hypocrites and that Christians say one thing and do another. Some of the perception are well grounded because Christians, especially carnal Christians have a tendency to package the gospel in a way that would benefit them instead of bringing others to inquire about the word of God. 2. What are some specific moral reasons people may reject the Christian gospel? A lot of people believe that there’s no way that Jesus could be fully human and fully God at the same time. Some say that there is no way that God could love and save them, being that they are mere mortals. Some people reject the Christian gospel because of sexual, marital or political reasons. Being a Christian means that you must adhere to a certain moral code and standard that most people will decline to adhere to. 3. What are some specific emotional reasons people may reject the Christian gospel? A lot of people simply doubt that all you have to do in order to be saved is to believe in the death, burial, and resurrection of Jesus Christ and you will be saved. To believe is to be accompanied by faith and a changed mind. Most people have a problem believing in something that can’t be seen. The fear of change is always difficult when a person has been used to doing things a certain way. â€Å"But the natural man receiveth not the things of the spirit of God.† (1Co. 2:14, King James Bible,) 4. What are some specific intellectual reasons people may reject the Christian gospel? A lot of people are so bent on knowing everything about everything that when they are confronted with the truth of the gospel  it’s usually met with skepticism. Intellectual individuals like thing to be logically presented and the Christian gospel carries with it the element of faith and faith is something that a lot of intellectual individuals aren’t willing to invest a lot of time into or anything else for that matter. 5. What can Christians do to address these objections and better communicate the Christian gospel? First of all the Christian gospel must not be forced on anyone. Secondly the best way to communicate the Christian gospel is for individuals to see the difference that Christ has made in your life. â€Å"Preach with mildness and deep respect† (2 Timothy 2:25 King James version). â€Å"Believe what we are teaching†. ( Deuteronomy 6:6, King James version). Christians should also be open to providing more information with the situation present itself.

Controlling The Internet Essays - Content-control Software

Controlling The Internet Essays - Content-control Software Controlling The Internet Controlling the Internet Censorship plays a role in everything that is portrayed on the Internet. However, due to the size and its rapid growth, it has become almost impossible to control. In respect to censorship in the Internet, we will be examining the issues of pornography, privacy, security, and the Napster debate. In 1989, the World Wide Web was developed. This new technology enabled Internet users to exchange information on a global scale. With no restrictions on what information could be shared, the Internet has become home to an assortment of web-sites consisting of topics that are shunned from the mainstream media. For example, literature that was banned from high schools and colleges for content that contained sexually explicit, anti-religious or immoral material has been made available through web-sites such as Banned Books On-Line. Over the last decade, governments have struggled to regulate the content of the Internet. For example, in 1996 the Congress of the United States passed the Communications Decency Act, which made it a crime to transmit indecent material over the Internet. Materials such as child-pornography (which will be discussed later) were deemed offensive and thus distributors must be prosecuted. To help catch Internet content violators, organizations such as the Internet Police were created. Internet Police The Internet Police, help to regulate the Internet by; reporting illegal websites, pressuring governments to apply relevant legislation, block illegal material and report attempts by people to access child pornography. In response to the Communications Decency Act, many Internet users, industry experts and civil liberties groups were opposed to such censorship. Websites such as The Electronic Frontier Foundation were created to uphold the rights to digital free expression from political and legal threats. Anti-censorship followers feel the governments actions are infringing on their freedom of speech. When taken to the Supreme Court in 1997, the court was forced to abolish the Act because it was unconstitutional. Internet censorship can sometimes vary depending on the country. For example, in communist countries such as China, Western ideologies conveyed on the Internet are seen as harmful to the solidarity of the Chinese government. As such, all E-mails leaving and entering the country are screened and edited by government officials. Sometimes messages are even deleted if they are seen as harmful to national interests. Recently, the Chinese government has tried to develop its own China World Web which will hope to censor any unwanted western messages. Security Issues Today, the Internet is more like the everyday world, with all of its promises and problems, than a reflection of academia or an island village. While it's become a tremendous tool for commerce and information, the 'Net has also become a home to thieves, terrorists and vandals. The Internet provides concealment for malicious users. The remote nature of the 'Net also creates a false sense of security. Many users log on in blissful ignorance, believing they're okay because they can't see or feel any threats. Even after learning their workstations or Web sites have been broken into multiple times, many fail to understand the threats lurking on the other end of the wire. Routinely are systems attacked from multiple vectors, worms carried in by e-mails, bandwidth consumed by floods of bogus traffic, and workstation CPUs hijacked through some unpatched vulnerability. Case Studies Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act (E-SIGN). Under E-SIGN, A signature, contract or other record relating to [a] transaction may not be denied legal effect, validity or enforceability solely because it is in electronic form. For the first time, it's not essential that a physical (wet) signature be inscribed onto paper to bind a commitment. E-SIGN is one of the most empowering ingredients for future e-commerce, especially for financial institutions. Visa International 19 million vendors and more than 1 billion cardholders. (sic) Consumers now want to know what's being done to secure their online transactions. Like never before, online shoppers are receptive to learning about things like smart cards, security protocols and digital wallets. This, in turn, prompts companies to develop technologies and services to meet this demand. Visa is taking a multifaceted approach to ensuring that consumers have the same confidence in the virtual world as in the physical world. In June 2000, Visa launched a Global Secure e-Commerce Initiative

Phobias essays

Phobias essays good morning! let me start of by mentioning a few normal in the life scenarios that i am sure some of you might have experienced in your daily life, like for instance you wake up at say 8. you have a first hour class, you are already late and you have had too many absentees so you dress up and take that express elevator down to the carpark. And you are there in the lift waiting to reach the car park when BanG!! there goes the electricity and you are there stranded , all alone in that lift.. nothing to panic about but you would if you were claustrophobic. I'll give you another normal situation like lets say now you are sitting in the classroom listening to one of those boring history lectures when there you see a spider crawling on the wall. no need to go Yikes.. well you would if you are were arcahnephobic.. By now you must have figured out that the topic of my speech today is about phobias. So what are these phobias.. are they natural?.. what causes these phobias to occur?.. and the million dollar question.. how do you get rid of one.. Starting at the basics.... phobias are "irrational, persistent fear of, or an excessive avoidance of a specific object, some particular activity or situation.". I am sure you didnt understand one word of that .. so in simple layman english phobias are the fancy terms used to describe fears of certain objects or situations. Now phobias arent just any kind of fears, they are irrational ones. It's normal for people to be afraid of things - like taking a hard test at school, passing a growling dog on the street, or hearing a huge clap of thunder. all these arent phobias because there is a real danger and there is a need for survival in the individual. Only when the fear becomes irrational does it become a phobia. for examaple You may be able to ski the world's tallest mountains with ease but feel panic going above the 10th floor of an office building. Being frightened of something harmless lik...

Ethical Decision Making in Arriving at a Caring Response Research Paper

Ethical Decision Making in Arriving at a Caring Response - Research Paper Example Veracity deals with trust issues of medical practitioners. The first thing a healthcare professional does upon arriving at a caring response in the Memorial Medical Center is to collect the relevant information that clarifies the ethical conflict involving the basic principles of ethical dilemma that a patient is facing. At a caring response, a nurse practitioner establishes the specific ethical conflict or question that a patient is experiencing. At Memorial Medical Center, all medical professionals involved in attending a patient at a caring response must succinctly and clearly articulate the ethical issue in question and answer all the questions that arise. Note that, before resulting to disclose any information regarding veracity issues, it is advisable for a medic to consult the family members of the patient. These decisions may be technical such as cost effectiveness analysis and principle related alternatives such as distributive justice. Following the fact that there may be s ome competing values and goals, ensuring procedural level of fairness becomes the best method of ensuring social acceptance of decisions and moral demonstration of public accountability. In these kinds of situations, a professional health practitioner should not disclose any information regarding the identified ethical problem as doing so is against medical ethics (Kapiriri, et al, 2009). At Memorial Medical Center, after gathering ethical related information, reporting to the relevant parties incorporates two stages. Nevertheless, note that the question at hand must have ethical ramifications just as required by the facility. First, a healthcare professional puts together prescriptive approach information that he or she then goes ahead to report to the relevant bodies. Prescriptive approach is a tool derived from theories of ethics in philosophy and presents health practitioners with an opportunity to use decision-making tools of ethics. In prescriptive approach, healthcare profess ional at MMC gets to exercise modes of thinking when it comes to ethical choices whereby it helps them make decisions that a â€Å"conscientious moral agent† who is a careful and upright thinker about ethical options to make. The second phase of information gathering and reporting involves descriptive approach. In this case, MMC healthcare practitioners incorporates measures included by psychological research in which it defines and describes the actual mode of making decisions ethically as opposed to how they should make a choice (Mitty and Ramsey, 2008). Step Two: Identify the Type of Ethical Problem Even after identifying the possible ethical problem, it is unethical to disclose the information to any other person apart from the required persons. In the example provided by the MMC, identifying the exact problem a patient is experiencing might result to making unethical decisions simply because,

Read the sources and summarize them Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Read the sources and summarize them - Essay Example The Haymarket riot or Haymarket massacre was a struggle for workers’ rights and has become a symbol of the rights of workers internationally. The incident highlighted the increasing confrontations that were taking place between the workers and the industrialists. The workers having formed unions were agitating for greater power and economic security as well as better working conditions in the workplaces. Since 1889 it has been associated with international Labor Day celebrated on May 1 every year. The riot took place on May 4, a day after police intervention between strikers who wanted to return to work and those who tried to prevent them, during a strike at McCormick Harvesting Machine Company in Chicago. The strike was part of a workers campaign for 8 hour working days. The labor leaders called a meeting at Haymarket square to protest the police action and the governor was present as an observer. After most of the demonstrators had dispersed peacefully, a bomb was thrown by an unidentified person and the violence that followed a peaceful meeting, led to several deaths. The riot created an atmosphere of distrust and frenzy against immigrant workers and labor leaders. Amidst allegations and counter allegations eight people were convicted of murder, although nothing was ever proved against any of them. Of the eight known as the Chicago Eight, four were hanged on November 11 1887 while one committed suicide. When the remaining three sent a mercy petition to the then governor of Illinois, a few years later, it was found that the judge and jury had been biased and evidence fabricated against the defendants. They were therefore pardoned to the dismay of industrialists and the press. The pardon was a shot in the arm for those in favor of labor reform. Mary Harris Jones who worked as an organizer for the Knights of Labor passionately declared â€Å"I long to see the day when Labor will have the destiny of the nation in

Film review Movie Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Film - Movie Review Example The most enjoyable scenes of the film are the continuous spar rings of Tristram and Uncle Toby. Who believes that his role is critical as Coogan’s role, and even he calls himself the co-lead. Another part is uncle Toby’s wooing of the Wadnam (Sterne 26). The major characters in the film are Tristrim Shandy, Captain Toby Shandy and Elizabeth Shandy the minor characters are Person Yorick, Widow Wandan and Susannah. These characters work together to produce a master piece. Tristram Shandy is the lead character who is the fictional author of the child whose conception, delivery, and circumcision forms a sweeping narrative sequence. He is also the fictionalized writer of the opinions and life of Tristram Shandy. He relates to his family history and events that happened even before his birth. He also draws from his own memories. Tristram is out-spoken and opinionated. Parson Yorick is a friend of the Shandy family. He is straight-talking and light hearted. The movie portrays him as a misunderstood clergyman (Sterne 120). The widely used technique in the film is the film-within the film technique. This is evident in Tristram’s conception, birth and christening; the experiences of Uncle Toby at the Battle of Namur and the wooing of Widow Wadnam. The latter happens dreamt by Steve Coogan. Since the movie is on a novel A Cork and Bull Story, which is about a man who fails in attempting to write his on autobiography the film portrays this remarkably well by taking the form of being filming an unfilmable (Sterne

Expansionary Economic Policy Essay Example for Free

Expansionary Economic Policy Essay In economic terms, a recession is defined as a general slowdown in economic activity. In an effort to move the economy out of a recession, the government would implement expansionary economic policies. One action the government would take would include conducting expansionary fiscal policy. The other action taken would be conducting expansionary monetary policy. Both of these actions would have an effect on such things as money supply, interest rates, spending, aggregate demand, GDP, and employment. Expansionary fiscal policy consists of change in government expenditures, or taxes, in order in influence the level of economic activity, inflation, and economic growth (Amacher Pate, 2012). Expansionary fiscal policy is when taxes are cut and government spending is increased. Lower taxes will increase disposable income. The increase in disposable income will lead to higher levels of consumer spending. In theory the more money that consumers spend, the higher the chance for economic growth. Tax cuts will also lead to an increase in aggregate demand. Aggregate demand is the total demand for goods and services is the economy. As stated earlier, a tax cut will increase people’s disposable income therefore increasing the amount of money available for consumption. The increase in consumption would increase the demand for goods and services. This in turn increases GDP (gross domestic product). GDP is the value of the total output that the economy produces in a given time period (Amacher Pate, 2012). The higher the demand that there is for goods and services, the need for employees to produces these goods and services are needed. This increases employment. Lower tax cuts will also increase people’s incentive to work. With lower taxes comes more money to spend from their paychecks. There are arguments, from economists and politicians, regarding the effect tax cuts in fiscal policy will have on the economy. Some economists argue that the effect of future tax cuts will lead consumers to change their saving (David, 2008). Some economists feel that people will save the value of the tax cut that they receive today in order to pay those future taxes (David, 2008). Some politicians feel that tax cuts will have no effect because changes in private saving will offset changes in government saving. Tax cuts allow the government to increase spending on special programs and health care. The increased revenue allows a government to borrow less money or lower government debt. This will result in lower interest rates which are beneficial to everyone involved. What is important to look at though is what the increased spending by the government is going towards. Those against increased government spending say that the government spends foolishly. In order to stimulate the economy, the increased government spending needs to go towards those things that are beneficial to its citizens. An example of this would be if the unemployment rate is high and the government spends on hiring workers to fix the roads, this would help to decrease the high unemployment rate. According to a global poll taken in 2009, an average of three in five citizens (60%) supports the increased spending by the government to help stimulate the economy (Global Poll Shows Support for Increased Government Spending and Regulation, 2009). Strongest support is for investments such as renewable energy, green technology, and giving financial support for troubled industries and companies. Expansionary monetary policy is when a central bank, for example the Federal Reserve Bank (the Fed), uses its tools to stimulate the economy. Often times this means lowering the Fed funds rate in order to increase the money supply. What this does is it increases liquidity which gives the banks more money to lend. The result of this would be lower interest rates. The Fed’s use three tools when conducting monetary policy; open market operations, the discount rate, and reserve requirements (How the Fed Guides Monetary Policy, 2011). The most common tool used is the open market operations tool. This is used to buy or sell government bonds on the open market. It is used to manipulate the short term interest rate and the supply of base money in an economy. The discount rate is the interest rate a Reserve Bank charges eligible financial institutions to borrow funds on a short term basis (How the Fed Guides Monetary Policy, 2011). A higher discount rate can indicate a more restrictive policy, while a lower rate can be used to signal a more expansive policy (How the Fed Guides Monetary Policy, 2011). All financial institutions, whether or not they are members of the Federal Reserve System, must set aside a percentage of their deposits as reserves to be held either as cash or as reserve account balances. The Federal Reserve sets these requirements for all commercial banks, savings banks, savings and loans, credit unions, and U. S. branches and agencies of foreign banks (How the Fed Guides Monetary Policy, 2011). This tool is the least common used of the three. There are two kinds of assets that banks can count toward meeting the required reserve. The first is valued cash such as currency and coins. The second, and largest, consists of funds the bank has on deposit with its direct Reserve Bank (Amacher Pate, 2012). A change in the reserve ratio is rarely made and when a change is made it usually is in small amounts. A reduction in the ratio usually has a double impact on the money supply. First, it converts some required reserves into excess reserves. Second, it increases the size of the deposit multiplier (Amacher Pate, 2012). An increase in the reserve ratio works in the opposite way. The interest rate the Fed charges a bank is the discount rate (Amacher Pate, 2012). The higher the rate, the less likely banks are to borrow. The discount rate acts more as a function than a tool in monetary policy. An increase in the discount rate indicates to banks that the Fed wants cool down the economy by reducing bank lending. An increase indicates the Fed’s desire to stimulate the economy. The Fed most likely would increase the discount rate when conducting monetary policy because by doing so, it would keep banks from using this source before turning to other less expensive alternatives. Whether or not the Fed wants to buy or sell government securities depends on this; whether or not they want the funds rate to rise or fall. If the fed wants the funds rate to fall, it will buy government securities from a bank. What happens is that the Fed then pays for securities by increasing the bank’s reserves (frbsf. org, 2011). The banks will then have more reserves than it wants. Then the Fed can lend these unwanted reserves to another bank. If the Fed wants the funds rate to rise, then the opposite will happen. It will sell the government securities. The fed receives payment in reserves from the banks, which will lower the supply of reserves in the banking system (frbsf. org, 2011). To tighten money and credit in the economy, the Federal Open market Committee (FOMC), directs the New York trading desk to sell government securities, collecting payments from banks by reducing their reserve accounts. With less money in these reserve accounts, banks will have less money to lend, interest rates will increase and consumer spending will decrease. This will have a negative effect on the economy. Some may argue that there can be too much expansionary monetary policy. If the Fed stimulates the economy too much, that could trigger inflation. Inflation is when prices rise above the 2 inflation target that the Fed has set. What happens is that consumers will start buying immediately in order to avoid higher prices in the future. This raises the demand which will cause businesses to have to hire more workers to produce the product. The additional income will allow consumers to spend more which in turn will stimulate more demand. This will cause businesses to start raising prices because they know that they will not be able to produce enough. They will also raise prices because they know that their costs will rise as well. This is what will cause an increase in inflation. During a recession, the government will implement expansionary economic policies. One type of policy conducted is fiscal policy. This policy consists of changes in taxes and government spending in order to stimulate the economy. The other is monetary policy, which is when a central bank, such as the Fed, uses tools to stimulate the economy. Both of these policies have been and will be used in the future to stabilize the economy.

The Endocrine System Essay -- Biology, Pituitary Gland

The endocrine system is a group of glands distributed throughout the human body. This group of glands secretes substances called hormones. These hormones discharge into the bloodstream (Shier, Butler & Lewis, 2009). The endocrine system does not have a single anatomic location. It is dispersed throughout the human body. The final purpose of this system is to control, regulate, and coà ¶rdinate the functioning of the human body (p.291). Some body functions can be activated or inhibited by hormones, which are secreted in very small quantities. Hormone related diseases may be due to hyper secretion or hypo secretion. The hormones secreted by the endocrine glands regulate the growth, development and function of many tissues, and coà ¶rdinate the body's metabolic processes (pp. 294-296). An inadequate secretion of hormones may cause disorders in the body, which on occasion may result in serious health consequences. The major endocrine glands are the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parat hyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, pineal gland, thymus gland, and reproductive glands (Shier et al., 2009). The pituitary gland is situated at the base of the brain and it secretes hormones that control the operation of the major endocrine glands (pp. 295-299). In reaction to excess or deficiency of pituitary hormones, the glands affected by these hormones can cause an excess or a deficiency of their own hormones. On the other hand the pituitary gland acts on the stimulation of the thyroid gland to secrete hormones that regulate the body's metabolism, energy, and nervous system activity (p. 295).The thyroid is a small gland in the neck, in front of the trachea and below the larynx. Thyroid hormones control metabolism, which is the body's ability to br... ...docrine system, immune system and nervous system fail to function gradually. This gradual failure might occur at different moments, leading to imbalances between them, and increased risk of disease for the elderly. Thyroid functions decline with aging and thyroid disorders are more common in older adults. For example, hypothyroidism is associated with acceleration of aging (Haywood and Getchell, p.81, 2009).In conclusion, the endocrine system maintains homeostasis of the human body through its contribution to each of the functions involved. There are lifestyles that help ensure a healthy endocrine system and in this way avoid developing diabetes mellitus Type 2, such as engaging in daily physical exercise and maintaining healthy eating habits. A good endocrine health improves performance of activities of daily living, work, leisure and social participation.

Heat and Dust (Characters and Summary)

Heat and Dust (Characters and Summary) Heat and Dust Characters: 1923Olivia, Douglas, The Nawab, Mr. /Mrs. Crawford, Mr. /Mrs. Minnies, Harry, The Begum, Dr. SaundersPresent timeThe Narrator, Inder Lal, Chid, Maji, Dr. Gopal, Karim and Kitty, Ritu, Inder Lal’s mother Summary The narrator of the present went to India in order to find out her grandfather’s first wife– Olivia’s story. She gets to know the Indian officer Inder Lal, who sublets her a small room in Satipur and becomes a friend of his.While being more and more accepted in the Indian society and knowing more about the Indian culture, the narrator herself has been changed by India as well. The change of her is not only obvious by her outward appearance, some of her attitudes has been changed as well. She thinks the old sick beggar woman is dispensable and has hesitated to help her. On the other hand, she has helped Chid without hanging back, although he was also infected. The relationship between t he narrator and Inder Lal has developed as well. They became intimate and have a love affair, while Inder Lal’s wife, Ritu, was on the pilgrimage with his mother.They like to talk to each other in order to find out as much as possible about the Indian/western world, which is foreign to them. During the conversations, the narrator finds out that Inder Lal is not happy in his marriage with Ritu. She is not good educated and can not understand his thoughts. Inder Lal’s mother has chosen her to be his wife because of the compatibility of their families and her fair komplex. Olivia’s story is plotted in 1923. The narrator discovers her story by reading her letters to Marcia, her sister. Olivia could not speak Hindu nor Urdu, what made it difficult for her to find any Indian friends.Anyhow she never had the intention to be under Indians. She does not like the Crawfords and the Minnies. They are the contrast of her: They speak Hindu, know exactly which behaviour is exp ected and get along with all sorts of situations. Her only friends in India were Harry and the Nawab. After meeting each other the first time while the dinner party in the palace, the Nawab and Olivia kept meeting each other either in her home, or in his palace. The picnic at the Baba Firdau’s Shrine ended up with a love affair between the Nawab and Olivia.Olivia got pregnant and told both the Nawab and her husband Douglas about the pregnancy. Douglas had no idea that the child might be not his. Nevertheless the Begum, the mother of the Nawab, soon arranged an abortion for her, but the scandal was not to be hidden anymore. After the abortion, Olivia made her way to X, a small village in the foothills of the Himalayas. She maintained a house there and died in the 1950s. In the end the narrator, who is pregnant from Inder Lal, but has decided to keep the baby, also comes to X and rents a room in Olivia’s house.